Sunday, February 8, 2015

Valentines Day Dinner for Locavores: Food, Glorious Food!


Valentine's Day Dinner for Locavores:
Food, Glorious Food! 

One of my passions is, “Food, Glorious Food!”(click on the words to hear the song.)  This quote from the musical Oliver says it all. When we can, my family and I try to make healthy, fabulous meals from locally-grown food and people who do this are called locavores (click on the word to get the definition).  This week I found I was able to make a tasty, locally-sourced dinner even for Valentine’s Day in February, when it takes a certain diligence to find local foods. Translation: if you want to try this at home, there are some tricks involved!
The ingredients for the Valentine’s Dinner for Locavores.
I made a test dinner this week and family members, disguised as professional taste-testers, ate it up “locavoraciously.”   You can’t click on this word, because I just made up to mean they ate the local food ravenously and they may even have licked their plates. It’s still a vocabulary word, though, and it’ll be on the quiz on Monday (jk).  The taste testers might have eaten this way because the food was really really good or because they had to wait a long time until after I had finished photographing it before they could eat it. 

Read on to find out how you can make this meal, or one like it, for the hungry locavores on your Valentine’s Day list!

"Tell me what you eat and I’ll tell you who you are." (Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin)

Brillat-Savarin  was a lawyer and French epicure  (think “foodie”) who in 1825 wrote, “Tell me what you eat and I’ll tell you who you are.” This means what you eat tells a lot about you, including your income level, your level of health consciousness and even how much you love your chocolate, which for me, is quite a lot!

 A locavore is aiming to eat healthy, good-tasting food that can be locally grown with a negligible environmental impact for now and for generations to come. If you’re a locavore, then the quote from Brillat-Savarin means you are what you eat and even where you eat.
I live in the Michigan “mitten,” at the base of the thumb. (I modified this from Mastering ArcGIS, Tutorial Data 6e (2013) [DVD-Rom], McGraw-Hill Higher Ed: Dubuque, IA.)

Where I eat is with my family at the dinner table in Ann Arbor, MI, about 42 degrees North of the equator and 84 degrees West of the prime meridian. We have a deep freezer that’s full of fruits and vegetables and main courses we industriously squirreled away last autumn.  Even though there’s a glacier of white-blue snow layered 18 inches up the cherry tree in the back yard, we’re eating fabulous, local, out-of-season items like asparagus, blueberries and pumpkin muffins because they come from our deep freezer.  I therefore decided I had to leave my house to discover what other locavores without our “frozen assets” were eating in Ann Arbor in February!

I was in for a big surprise, though, because what they’re not eating is local root vegetables! I went to several stores in town and spoke with the produce managers.  The definition of “local foods”  varies from “about 100 miles” at People’s Food Co-op to “about 200 miles or adjoining states” at Whole Foods. I had fully expected that all the root vegetables like carrots, potatoes, rutabagas and turnips that I see in the Ann Arbor stores were local. Instead, I learned that Ann Arbor stores run out of root vegetables by February and they are shipped over 2,000 miles from California to Ann Arbor. Holy guacamole! When you buy vegetables in February, they’re probably better traveled than you are!
 
After the food and produce managers at People’s Food Co-op showed me what was locally available for 42N, 84W during the food desert known as February, I can recommend the following Valentine’s Day dinner.  For appetizers, my lucky Valentines and I (and I’ll make dinner for the whole family) will nibble on Colby cheese cubes (Farm Country Cheese House) deviled eggs (Harnois Farms), salsa (Esch Road) and chips (Ann Arbor Tortilla Factory). 
The appetizers for the Valentine's Dinner for Locavores, with the ingredients.
For dinner, we’ll have browned Vietnamese recipe chicken sausages (available in the freezer aisle, from Corridor Sausage Co.) simmered in white wine with purple onions (Tantre Farms) and sauerkraut (The Brinery), steamed purple potatoes (Tantre Farms) with butter and a German-style salad with shredded carrots (Seeley Farm), pea shoots (GardenWorks) and dried Montmorency cherries (Busch’s) and a dressing of mayonnaise, olive oil and lemon juice.  We’ll finish off dinner with a peach and raspberry crisp (frozen fruits from Locavorious and honey from Anne &Paul Elder/Bantle) and chocolate (Grocer’s Daughter and Michigan Mints.).  For our family members who are vegetarian, I’ll make a second dish with non-local smoked apple sage vegetarian sausage (Field Roast, Seattle, WA), local onion and local sauerkraut.  Dinner for three will set you back about $55, not including wine or beer,

What will you do if you live somewhere else?  Why visit your local farmer’s market, co-op or food store, find out what’s local and cook it!  Joke alert!  If you get water from your watershed  and food from your foodshed,  then where did the locavores eat their Valentine’s day dinner?  In their local foodshed, of course!

Below are the recipes and pictures for the main course and dessert. 
The recipe for Sausages, Onions and Sauerkraut was adapted from this recipe  from Epicurious.  For two locavores:
1 medium onion, sliced
2-4 sausages of your choice (we had Vietnamese style chicken sausages, defrosted, with pork casing removed) cut in 3 inch lengths
1 lb of sauerkraut, rinsed and drained
1 cup dry white wine
1 cup chicken stock and water, if needed 

 Sausages, Onions and Sauerkraut, potatoes and salad, Valentine's Dinner for Locavores
On the stovetop, heat a smaller frying pan over medium-high heat.  Add olive oil and sauté the onion until tender but not brown, and remove to a plate.  Add the sausages  and brown on both sides.  Squeeze out liquid from the rinsed and drained sauerkraut and add to the frying pan, along with the sausages and onions.  Add the wine, chicken stock and water if necessary to mostly cover the sausages.  When the liquid begins to simmer, cover, turn down the heat to low and let cook at least 45 minutes, turning the sausages once or twice to make sure they are fully cooked.  Serves 2-3.

The recipe for Peach and Raspberry Crisp is adapted from a family cookbook and was previously published in the Blueberry Hill Cookbook by Elsie Masterton (Down East Books, 1982).  I made a half recipe but here is the full recipe:
1 cup flour
¾ cup sugar
1 teaspoon baking powder
¾ teaspoon salt
1 egg
2 Tablespoons brown sugar (or 1 Tablespoon honey in 1 tablespoon water)
1/3 cup melted butter
1 teaspoon cinnamon-sugar
2 cups frozen raspberries, defrosted
3 cups frozen peaches, defrosted, peeled and chopped
Peach and Raspberry Crisp and Chocolates, Valentine's Dinner for Locavores
With a fork, mix until crumbly the flour, sugar, baking powder, salt and unbeaten egg.  Use a chopping motion to make lots of little lumps.  Put the fruits into a buttered casserole dish.  Sprinkle with the brown sugar or honey mix.  Put the flour mix as evenly as you can over the fruit (it will not look uniform).  Dribble melted butter over the topping.  Sprinkle with the cinnamon sugar.  Bake at 375 F for 30 minutes then turn off the oven and let it cook in the warm oven another 20 minutes (until lightly brown).  Serves 6 to 8.

 

"I cook with wine and sometimes I even add it to food." (W.C. Fields)

For readers who are at least 21 and drink alcohol, you like wine or beer with your meal, but you worry about the environmental costs of transporting it, right?  What’s a locavore to do?

A conversation with Mary Campbell, owner of  Everyday Wines in Ann Arbor, revealed her thinking on this issue.  She says that we have many fine wines made in the state of Michigan and one of them would probably work very well from our locavore standpoint. When she buys wine from out of state, Mary considers quality of the wine, the environmental stewardship of the vineyards and the carbon footprint of the shipping.  I was bowled over to learn that Mary often prefers buying from Europe over California because shipping freight by water from Europe to N.J. and then by truck to Ann Arbor has less of an environmental impact than shipping by truck all the way from California to Ann Arbor. 

I got the beer and wine recommendations from the wine steward, aka my husband, and my extensive research on this subject involved going to see what he had down in the cellar.  I can make the romantic recommendation of the Bell’s Brewery  “Venus” beer and the pinot gris white wine from Chateau Fontaine.  I kind of misled you on the beer recommendation, though, because I don’t think you can buy it anymore.  The beer was limited edition from the brewery’s “Planets” series.  You can always buy the beer your sweetie likes, though, and make a “Venus” label and glue it on.  Or you can hope the brewery makes the “Jupiter” beer, slated to come out in February, 2015, in time for Valentine’s Day and you can make a corny joke, like, “I love you, by Jove.” Hopefully, your valentine will laugh, either because they think you’re nuts and they’re humoring you or because they get that Jove and Jupiter are two names for the same god.

   

“Love is all you need but a little chocolate now and then doesn’t hurt." (Charles Shultz)

Chocolate is a problem for locavores in my area. On the one hand, what would Valentine’s Day Dinner be without chocolate?  On the other hand, can a locavore buy chocolate when it’s locally produced but not locally grown?

In her book, Animal, Vegetable,Miracle,  Barbara Kingsolver describes a year of “locivery”  (as the habit of eating locally must be called; btw I just made this up and it will be on the quiz) and how her family allowed each family member one exemption to the rule to eat locally. I’d probably choose chocolate as my “get out of jail free” card and then being a locavore wouldn’t be so very very hard.  Do get your hands on a copy of this book to learn more about being a locavore and make sure to read the last few chapters as they are quite a hoot!

The types of chocolate local to my area that I chose for Valentines Day gifts this year include some chocolate bars from Grocer’s Daughter and Michigan Mints from Hanover, Inc. To get some Grocer’s Daughter chocolate, you might want to visit the store in Empire, MI and maybe go to the fabled Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore as a side trip!  I’m only kind of kidding.

 

"If you can’t feed a hundred people, then feed just one." (Mother Theresa; click on the underlined words to go to the site)

This Valentine’s Day, consider helping the hungry in your area with a food or monetary donation.    Food insecurity is occasional lack of enough food for a healthy, active life while hunger is chronic lack of enough food for a healthy, active life.  One in seven people in Washtenaw County where I live have food insecurity or hunger with a whopping 92% of families with children having this problem.  Parents say they skip meals or eat smaller portions to make food last. 

US food insecurity rates, Source: Feeding America
My students in Environmental Science 101 at Washtenaw Community College did a survey to try to measure food insecurity and hunger at the college in the fall of 2014 as part of the college’s “Year of Sustainable Food” theme. They found that 30% of the 125 respondents had had food insecurity or hunger at some time in their lives.  This adds to published data that food insecurity for Michigan right now is 17.9% and for the U.S. is 16.4%, according to Food Gatherers.  That a lot of hungry people in my community college, state and country! 

If you need help getting food in the U.S, you probably need to apply for food stamps, now administered by a program called SNAP.  If you are a qualifying pregnant or breast-feeding woman and have infants or children up to age 5 who meet certain qualifications, you might also be eligible for WIC benefits. If you need immediate food assistance, you can try food pantries, by state  and food banks, by zip code.

If you need help getting food in Michigan, there are additional places to look besides the ones, above.  If you're eligible, you can get the Michigan Bridge Card  for food and housing subsidies.  If you have a bridge card in Michigan, you at can then use Double Up FoodBucks  to get more (extra) fruits and vegetables when you use your Bridge Card in certain months of the year at participating farmers markets and CSAs. For additional help in Michigan, try the Food Gatherers website for food pantries, free meals, and more.  
  
Happy Valentine’s Day, everyone, eat local and Bon Appetite!

 

Resources (click on the link to go to the site):

1) Informal interviews with managers Angie, Katie and Ben at People’s Food Co-Op on 2/8/2015.
2) Informal interviews with managers at Whole Foods and the Produce Station and a visit to Buschs on 2/8/2015.
3) Informal interview with Mary Campbell, owner of Everyday Wines on 2/7/2015.
4) Unpublished survey results from: Survey to Assess Hunger and Food Insecurity at Washtenaw Community College, ENV101 Fall 2014, by Emily Thompson, Ph.D. and Students.

This blogpost was written for the benefit of students at Washtenaw Community College and the community as part of my sabbatical activities for winter 2015.  I am solely responsible for the content and hold the copyright for the work. Feel free to use the information in this blog; just credit me with a link back to my blog! -Emily Thompson, Ph.D.

Tuesday, January 27, 2015

Wait, What's in the Water? Use of qPCR to Monitor Water Quality at US Beaches


Wait, What’s in the Water?:
Use of qPCR to Monitor Water Quality at U.S. Beaches


             Ah, summer!  Don’t you love to go to the beach when it’s sizzling outside?  And isn’t it more fun when no one gets diarrhea or rashes the next day from swimming in dirty water? 
            The EPA and local health authorities aim to keep it that way by monitoring at fresh water beaches for fecal (poop) contamination with techniques like microbiological culturing and qualitative polymerase chain reaction (or qPCR for short) and use of “Virtual Beach,” a computer program that helps with modeling changing conditions at the beach.

Wait, what’s in the water?
            Water at public beaches is usually clean but sometimes can be contaminated with human or wildlife fecal waste. Bacteria in the animal digestive tract help with nutrient absorption and they make up about a third of the dry weight of feces.  (That's a shipload of bacteria!)
            Health departments monitor beach water for fecal contamination by looking for bacterial indicator species, often searching for E. coli in freshwater or enterococci in salt water. These bacteria are not usually pathogenic (disease-causing) themselves, but they provide a reliable way to predict when pathogenic bacteria, viruses or protozoa that are sometimes also found in feces might be present.
            Using indicator species saves time and money because health officials search for the one indicator species instead of all possible species that might contaminate the water.  As bacterial counts of the indicator species rise, an advisory can be posted, warning swimmers of dangerous levels of bacteria,.  If they get very high over a certain level where swimmers will get sick, the beach can be closed.  
            What are the pathogenic species we’re worried about? Pathogenic bacteria include species like Salmonella, Campylobacter or even pathogenic strains of E. coli, all of which can cause gastrointestinal distress like diarrhea and vomiting. Feces might also include viruses, including those that can give you hepatitis, diarrhea, eye infections, or meningitis. And, as if that’s not enough, feces might contain pathogenic protozoa (unicellular motile eukaryotes), like Cryptosporidium or Giardia, either of which can also give you symptoms of GI distress like diarrhea. 
            That’s a pretty toxic load; so where does it come from?  I think you know the number one answer to that one; it’s waste from the digestive systems of humans and other animals! The number two answer (oh, poop jokes!), according to the EPA, is release of feces into the environment by storm water pollution, sewage overflow, direct deposition by birds, release of boating wastes, land run-off and suspension in the sands and sediments.  

Technical stuff (data dump) on acceptable bacterial levels at fresh water beaches
            The EPA recommends for fresh water beaches that “no single beach water sample exceed 235 E. coli or 61 enterococci per 100 ml.”  In Wisconsin, an advisory is posted if E. coli are at or above 235/100 mL of water and the beach is closed if E coli are at or above 1000 per 100 ml.  In case you’re wondering, the nose knows, and at this point, you’d probably notice the water was contaminated because it would smell foul and look cloudy.  

Microbiological culturing technique
            A reliable method for checking water quality at freshwater beaches is occasional testing of water by microbiological culturing, which involves filtering a sample of water through a membrane and then placing the membrane on petri plates.  The plates are incubated for 24-48 hours at about 37 C, which is body temperature, in order to allow fecal bacteria grow.  If E.coli grow, that means that E coli were present in the starting sample of water.  To remind you, the E. coli are used as an “indicator species,” indicating sewage waste is present and could contain other, potentially more serious, bacteria, viruses or other pathogens. To learn more from the EPA on this, click here.
            This traditional or “old school” method is reliable and can be made more so if used with computer modeling techniques (see below). The advantage of the microbiological culturing method is that it’s relatively inexpensive. The disadvantage is you can only get the results 1-2 days after testing, and as any grade-schooler can tell you, you’ll know if the water was dirty yesterday, but you won’t know if it’s dirty today! 

Molecular qPCR technique
            qPCR is also called real-time or quantitative polymerase chain reaction and it’s being used at some beaches to monitor for fecal indicator bacteria. In qPCR, the DNA in the sample is amplified or copied over and over again and new copies of the DNA of interest are detected using fluorescent probes as the reactions proceed.  Looking for a few E. coli in 100 mL of water is a little like searching for the proverbial needle in a haystack and qPCR lets you find that needle in just 2-3 hours! 
            For those who know a little bit about DNA and the process of DNA replication, here is the procedure in more detail. 1) Technicians start by collecting water in sterile containers at specified collecting sites.  2) Any bacteria present are concentrated by filtration and bacteria are collected on a filter membrane.  3) Cells on the filter membrane are disrupted (broken open) using glass beads in order to release the DNA that’s in the cells.  4)  qPCR is performed using thermal cycling, where the samples are repeatedly moved to different temperatures. First, the DNA is made single-stranded or “un-zipped.” At the next temperature, a single-stranded primer specific to the indicator species is allowed to anneal or “stick to” the single stranded DNA.   At the final temperature, a DNA polymerase enzyme is used for primer extension reactions to replicate or “copy” the starting strand. Thermal cycling amplifies DNA according to the power law, with one target DNA becoming two after one round of qPCR, then four after two rounds, then eight after three rounds, and so on. If there aren’t any target bacteria present, there will be no replication of target DNA.  Fluorescent dyes are used to label or “identify” the target double-stranded DNA produced during thermal cycling.  The accumulation of fluorescence over time relative to controls is used to quantify amounts of DNA present in the starting sample.
qPCR from http://oh.water.usgs.gov/micro_qpcr_method.htm
            To learn more, you can check out the excellent site at Michigan State University including background and training videos.
            Using qPCR for the application of water quality monitoring means you have to be a bit of an early bird. If you have a qPCR machine in a facility at your beach, you need to get your water sample by 7 AM so you can get your results and act on them by 10 AM when the beach opens! 
 
Computer modeling techniques:
            Computer modeling with use of real-time data from either method described above adds to the accuracy of predictions.  Health officials monitoring either freshwater or marine recreational beaches can use the program “Virtual Beach,” by the EPA to make better predictions about changing conditions.  The program allows beach managers to see how variables like wind or current speed and direction will affect indicator bacterial concentrations.  They can then make better decisions about potential beach closings. Click here to learn more about Virtual Beach.  

Results and Remediation
            Results from beach monitoring are reported on state or province websites. Beach managers may put up an advisory sign on the beach or even close a beach if certain contamination levels are reached.  Again, in Wisconsin, an advisory is posted if E. coli are at or above 235/100 mL of water and the beach is closed if E coli are at or above 1000 per 100 ml. (3)
            In the Great Lakes, results are reported at the following websites (click on the link to follow the link): Michigan BeachGuard, Ohio BeachGuard, IndianaBeachGuard, Illinois BeachGuard, Wisconsin Beach Health and OntarioBeaches You can also get a handy BeachGuard app (for MI, IN, IN and OH) for your droid phone here   and the app will apparently soon be available for iPhones, too.
            You can also find results on other freshwater or saltwater beaches, at the website of the National Resources Defense Council.  You can type in the state of the beach you want to visit and then scroll down for the name of the beach and to get the testing results, if there are any.
            Results are also used to change the beach landscape to have fewer beach advisories.  Interviews with Dr. Julie Kinselman in Wisconsin, Meredith Nevers in Indiana and Dr. Sharon Briggs in Michigan revealed a surprise. Although you’d expect sewage overflow is the most worrisome problem, it’s not very common.  Instead, pooping by geese and gulls on the shore and parking lots is the ongoing, serious problem that requires remediation.  When economically feasible, beach managers try to manage water flow over the shore and parking lot areas by building birms, redirecting stormwater, using porous pavement for the parking lot, deterring bird landings, using storm drains, etc…Who knew that flock of geese landing on the beach today could close the beach tomorrow?

            It’s cool you that, before you visit, you can check out the health status of almost any beach.  Dedicated workers like Drs. Kinselman, Nevers and Briggs in the U.S. and Canada use a number of techniques and computer programs to make good decisions about whether or not it’s safe for you to swim. So this summer, after you find your beach is clean and open for business, grab a towel and sunglasses and enjoy your natural resources!  Time for some fun in the sun because the surf’s up!

Additional References:
1. http://www.usgs.gov/solutions/docs/Beaches_USGS_factsh.pdf
2. Phone interview with Dr. Julie Kinzelman, City of Racine Health Department, University of Suffolk Visiting Fellow and University of Wisconsin School of Freshwater Sciences affiliate.
3. Phone interview with Dr. Shannon Briggs, Michigan Department of Environmental Quality.
4. Phone interview with Meredith Nevers, USGS Lake Michigan Ecological Station.


This blogpost was written for the benefit of students at Washtenaw Community College and the community as part of my sabbatical activities for winter 2015.  I am solely responsible for the content and hold the copyright for the work. Feel free to use the information in this blog; just credit me with a link back to my blog! -Emily Thompson, Ph.D.

Sunday, August 24, 2014

Estimating Tree Age Based on Diameter and Species


Estimating Tree Age Based on Diameter and Species
A 52-year-old Zelcova tree
           
            Suppose you’re out on a walk or a bike ride and you spot a very large tree.  Perhaps it’s very tall, it has a massive trunk, or its branches spread in an enormous canopy.  One of your first questions might be, how old is that tree? 
            You could cut down the tree or use a tool called an increment borer so you could count the growth rings.  However, cutting the tree down obviously kills the tree and the increment borer can damage the tree by making holes in it.  What other options are there?
            To get an age estimate in a non-invasive way, you can determine the diameter and calculate the age as follows:
  • Determine the species using a tree identification book or a cool online site like this one.
  • Using a tape measure, determine the circumference of the tree at 4.5 feet (54 inches)  above the soil. 
  • Calculate the diameter, which is circumference divided by pi.  The value you get is the DBH or diameter at Breast Height, which is that 54 inches above the ground.
  • Multiply by the species-specific growth factor in the table below or by looking here:
 
Tree Species
Growth factor
Red maple
4.5
Shagbark hickory
7.5
Sweetgum
4
Douglas fir
5
Sugar maple
5.5
White oak
5
Cottonwood
2
American sycamore
4
American beech
6

            Here’s an example.  For the Zelcova tree shown below, the circumference at 54 inches above the soil was measured at 131.5 inches.  The diameter (DBH) is then 131.5 inches divided by 3.14 (pi) or 41.87 inches. If the growth factor for a yard-grown Zelcova* is 1.24, so we multiply 41.87 inches X 1.24 years/inch = 51.9 years.  
Measuring circumference at 54 inches.

The circumference is 131.5 inches and the tree is about 52 years old!


 















For further information:
1) To determine tree species, try http://www.arborday.org/trees/whattree/

2) To learn more about species-specific growth factors in years/inch try:

3) To learn about the 10 most common trees in the United States try: